Alternative Energy Sources Of Fossil Fuels - 1701 Words

Since the Industrial Revolution in 1760, the world has run on fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are critical to global energy infrastructure due to their inherent advantages and generate significant economic value as a result. However, the negative economic and environmental implications of fossil fuels demands a permanent transition towards alternative energy. The world will continue to investigate alternative energy sources and must commit to them to avoid long-term environmental degradation. Ultimately, fossil fuels are on the way out, but considerable work must be done before this forecast can be realized. Fossil fuels are an energy source derived from organic material that has decomposed over the course of millions of years. Millennia ago, plants and animals died, quickly becoming buried under layers upon layers of sedimentary material. The earth covering the remains of these organisms created a unique environment of high pressure and high temperature, until they formed valuable hydrocarbons which have countless applications for the energy industry (7). The main types of fossil fuels are oil, natural gas, and coal, which each formed under a different set of conditions. Oil and natural gas are primarily derived from compacted aquatic organisms, with natural gas simply being â€Å"cooked† longer than oil has been. This differs from coal, which formed from primarily plants that were buried under hundreds of layers of sediment (7). Fossil fuels are not cherished by humans for simplyShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels2676 Words   |  11 Pages Alternative Energy Sources Emily Lazovich Gwynedd Mercy University Abstract Fossil fuels can be easily found around the globe and the production of these fuels may be cost-effective. Although fossil fuel is harmful to the environment, the United States is continuing to use fossil fuel as a source of energy. In addition to this, once the fossil fuels have all been used up, there is no chance of obtaining more. There are many types of alternative energy sources in the worldRead MoreFossil Fuel And Alternative Sources Of Energy1218 Words   |  5 Pages Energy Policy Jameisha Lyttle Gwynedd Mercy University Abstract The United States government, as well as many others around the world, have relied on fossil fuel as an energy source for a long period of time. The extraction, production, and development of these sources have contributed to the many issues with the environment. In addition to this, fossil fuel will not exist forever because there is a limited amount on earth and it cannot be restored. For this reason, the UnitedRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Energy For Fossil Fuel1432 Words   |  6 Pagesalternate source of energy to fossil fuel is essential. Humans are using up fossil fuels, such as coal and oil, faster than they can be made naturally.This means that there will be a time when all of the fossil fuels will have been used to power . To prevent a world without energy, many alternative sources have been harnessed. Six different pathways for energies were found: solar power, biomass, geothermal power, hydropower, wind power, and nuclear power. All of these are much better alternati ves to fossilRead MoreFossil Fuels : An Alternative Source Of Energy1715 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Fossil fuels have been keeping our country running for quite a long time, throughout our history. The reason why fossil fuels have been so instrumental in our production of energy is the increase in technology. Technology has brought the world ways to dig into the earth and extract oil, which we have been doing quite a bit more of as late. The problem with this increase in drilling and digging for fossil fuels is that there is only so much of it, and cannot be created, or reused. OnceRead MoreAlternative Energy Sources For Fossil Fuels1874 Words   |  8 Pagesconsuming energy. Currently the majority of this energy comes from fossil fuels (i.e. coal, natural gas, and oil). Fossil fuels made up eighty-seven percent of the energy consumed worldwide in 2012 (Gonzalez Lucky). There are many people who do not believe there is an energy crisis, or that there is anything wrong with depending on fossil fuels, however fossil fuels are non-renewable, which means once they are gone we are una ble to create more. In addition, the carbon that is located in fossil fuelsRead MoreFossil Fuels And Alternative Energy Sources1682 Words   |  7 PagesMost fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas and coal are considered nonrenewable resources in that their use is not sustainable because their formation takes billions of years (Investopedia, 2014). As the nonrenewable resources become more and more scarce, the cost to obtain them will continue to gradually rise (Investopedia, 2014). Eventually, the price will become so high that users will no longer be able to afford them, forcing the change from fossil fuels to alternative energy sources (Investopedia)Read MoreEssay on Fossil Fuels and Alternative Energy Sources1986 Words   |  8 PagesFossil fuels are an important part of life. When you turn on the lights, watch TV, or take a shower, the electricity that you are using is being generated by fossil fuels. The three types of fossil fuels are coal, crude oil, and natural gas. They all take millions of years to form, so they are considered to be â€Å"non-renewable†- eventually, the fossil fuels will all be used up. One dangerous biological effect of using fossil fuels is ocean acidification. Extracting and transporting fossil fuels canRead MoreAlternative Sources Of Energy From Fossil Fuels2846 Words   |  12 Pagestechnology requires a stable source of fuel to produce the thousands of units of energy being consumed by it. At present, this energy is derived from various sources with fossil fuels being the largest by far. According to the United States Energy Information Administration, in 2014 sixty-seven percent of the United State s energy was converted from fossil fuels. (What is U.S. Electricity Generation by Energy Source?) Although fossil fuels are able to meet rising energy demands, they are limitedRead MoreFossil Fuel Resources For Alternative Sources Of Energy Essay1827 Words   |  8 PagesDiminishing fossil fuel resources have prompted s cientists and researchers to look for alternative sources of energy. Though several alternative sources of energy have been identified, generation of energy using combustion of fuels still remains the dominant source of energy globally [1]. In search for alternative fuels, biofuels have shown promising results to generate useful energy. However, efficient atomization of some high viscosity biofuels to yield maximum useful energy and minimise emissionsRead MoreBiology - Fossil Fuels vs. Alternative Energy Source1525 Words   |  7 PagesNicoletta Philippides March 15, 2013 Mr. Dunleavy, Period 4 The Effect of Fossil Fuels on Biodiversity Alternative Energy Resources Fossil fuels are hydrocarbon deposits derived from the remains of ancient plants and animals under enormous amounts of heat and pressure. Oil, or petroleum, is one of the most common fossil fuels utilized by people all over the world on a daily basis. Crude oil is a smelly, yellow-black, viscous liquid composed of mostly nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, which is

Analysis of Themes in the Film Unforgivable Blackness...

â€Å"Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson,† is a documentary on the first black World Heavyweight Boxing Champion John Arthur â€Å"Jack† Johnson. In 1910, after years of trying to challenge white Heavyweight Champions, Jack won the title. The era in which Johnson fought was filled with racial tension and hostility (Film). Fears of the black race gaining control and power were high, and there were numerous efforts to keep blacks oppressed and separated from the white community. When one hears stories of past discrimination and oppression it is natural to compare them to todays society, and speak of past oppression as if they are non-existent. Even though there have been uprisings and revolts among minority groups to gain†¦show more content†¦This victory followed by riots, referred to as â€Å"race warfare† in several cities throughout the United States and racial tension was at a high. Congress witnessed what was happening through out the country and tried to in act certain laws to stop Johnson from fighting and more importantly dating white women. Congress first tried to ban the famous fight movie that showed Johnson winning. They felt showing this movie would not only give blacks a certain level of moral and ammunition to fight against white oppression, but it also represented a symbolic defeat to the white race (Film). The ban did not stop Johnson from fighting, so Congress turned to the newly enacted Mann Act to try to convict Johnson. The Mann Act made it illegal to transport women for illicit and immoral purposes. They first tried convicting Johnson due to his relationship with his current girlfriend (and later wife), Lucille Cameron. Lucile did not cooperate and eventually charges were dropped. Investigator then turned to Johnsons former girlfriend Belle Schreiber, she complied with the investigation, and later testified against Johnson. Jack was found guilty, but escaped to France before being sentenc ed to prison (Film). Word War I broke while Johnson was in France, which halted the lucrative boxing matches in which he made his money. Johnson tried returning to the United States, stating that what he was accused of happened before the enactment of theShow MoreRelatedWalmart Case Study4848 Words   |  20 Pagesand that genuine customer service youve come to expect from us. Youll feel at home in any department of any store...thats our culture The Corporate Strategy (contd..) Practices followed†¢ Aggressive hospitality # Using door-greeters # Patriotic themes and displays in stores # Compels its staff to engage in morning cheers †¢ Affiliations with charities The United Way and Childrens Miracle Network †¢ Sundown Rule All customer and supplier requests or queries must be reasonably answered within 24

Tainted Love Alcohol Addiction as a Treatable Disease free essay sample

An in depth look at alcohol addiction and possible treatments. This paper examines alcohol addiction as a medical term and as a state that may be termed as a disease and one that can be cured. From this point of view, alcohol addiction is treatable and is argued, should be treated by doctors as all other diseases are. The author of this paper looks at alcoholism as a medical state and examines its diagnosis, symptoms and treatment. Imagine the outrage in America if foreign terrorists were to ship into our country a chemical that caused serious health problems in over 20 million Americans, and became the second leading cause of death in this nation. Imagine the laws that would be passed to prevent these deaths, and the billions of dollars that would be spent on research. Imagine that this chemical not only posed multiple health risks, but had also been implicated as the cause of thousands of criminal actions: rapes, murders, unsafe driving, and spousal abuse, with affects that reached over 65 million people. We will write a custom essay sample on Tainted Love: Alcohol Addiction as a Treatable Disease or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Can anyone now assume that the government would not devote tremendous resources to preventing this tragedy, and researching its causes and treatments? Yet today there is a chemical being propagated through-out our nation that has precisely these statistics. It is not sneaked in by terrorists, or illegally fashioned in militia barracks. On the contrary, it is a legal and revered part of our society, with high-paid political lobbying power, and a bottle in nearly every government conference room. This chemical is alcohol, and the disease it is most frequently associated with, alcoholism, has negatively effected the lives of the majority of American citizens, and cost our economy nearly 200 billion dollars a year.

The Principle Events In The Evolution Of The Earths Atmosphere Essays

The Principle Events In The Evolution Of The Earth's Atmosphere The Principle Events in the Evolution of the Earth's Atmosphere The literal translation of the word atmosphere is sphere of vapors. The Earth's atmosphere is a protective sphere of vapors, or air that surrounds the Earth and provides it with a layer of insulation from the harmful rays of the sun. It is a vital part of the Earth, and has changed dramatically since the beginning of time. The earth's atmosphere has gradually changed since the Earth's birth approximately 4.6 million years ago. In the beginning, the Earth's composition was very different that how it exists today. A long time ago the Earth's atmosphere was very similar to today's Venus and Mar's atmosphere. It had about 95% carbon dioxide, 2-3% nitrogen, and very little, less than 1% oxygen. Today the Earth contains 79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 3% water vapor. It is evident that there were many events that happened over billions of years that have contributed to this change in the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth had developed so drastically because of the tremendous dust and gas cloud within the Milky Way galaxy. The Earth grew larger as huge meteorites hit it, and the surface was covered with dust. Volcanoes began to form and emitted lava, ash, and most importantly gases. Carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen were released into the atmosphere from the volcanoes. This process is called outgassing, and took place within the first million years or so of the Earth's formation. Then, about 4 billion years ago, the planet cooled, and the outgassed water vapors condensed into clouds. It rained and produced the oceans, and even enough to cover 95% of the Earth. In addition, because it rained, there was less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide was lost over billion of years, as the ocean formed there was a chemical reaction in which carbon dioxide and water formed carbonic acid. It is shown in the equation CO2 + H2O = H2CO3. The carbonic acid dissolved oceanic rock into sand, silt, and mud. It is evident because of this geochemical process occurred there is more carbon in the rocks and minerals and there is less in the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth's first ever oxygen emerged about two millions years ago because of ultraviolet radiation. The water in the Earth's atmosphere was split into oxygen and hydrogen because of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun. The equation for this process is UV-* 2H20 -* 2H2 + O2. The first ever oxygen is from the ultraviolet radiation that occurred in the Earth's atmosphere. It is interesting to note that 600 million years ago only about 1% of the Earth's atmosphere was oxygen. Significant quantities of oxygen did not begin until plants arrived on the scene. The percentage of oxygen increased when plant life evolved and photosynthesis began to happen on the Earth. The first ever plants were blue-green algae, which lived the Earth's oceans. Plants used sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to make their food in a process called photosynthesis. The process of photosynthesis can be easily seen in the equation 6CO2 + 6H2O = C6H12O6 + O2. The plants breathe in carbon dioxide and then release oxygen during photosynthesis, within 500 million years oxygen was the second largest part of the atmosphere after nitrogen. As oxygen became a greater part of the atmosphere the ozone shield emerged. The shield was formed when solar ultraviolet radiation forces the reaction for oxygen to form ozone, also known as 03. The ozone protects the Earth and it's inhabitants from the harmful radiation from the sun. In conclusion, the Earth's atmosphere has changed dramatically since the Earth's origin about 4.6 billion years ago. There are many factors that contributed to this change over time. By getting a better understanding of our Earth's atmosphere we can use in many useful ways. We can use this knowledge of the atmosphere for a worthy cause in many areas of science and greatly benefit from it. Science

Victimology and Alternatives to Traditional Criminal Justice essays

Victimology and Alternatives to Traditional Criminal Justice essays Alternatives to criminal justice system have been the growing part of the debate surrounding the theory of criminology. Shaming: In this arena of alternatives to criminal justice system, the most distinctive contribution has been John Braithwaites theory of regenerative shaming which conjectures the efficacy of re-integrative shaming and the counter-productiveness of stigmatization in controlling crime. John Braithwaite has asserted persuasively that the twin informal controls dissuading most people from offending against their fellow brethren are what he termed social disapproval and pangs of conscience. (Moore, n. d.) The formal criminal justice system in practice in the present modern era is all built upon a model of the state intervening so as to remedy the behavior of reasonable and rational individuals who have made choices that are socially undesirable. Shaming, under the theory of regenerative shaming, on the other hand, stresses upon the interdependency of individuals. It recognizes shame as an emotion which helps in regulating this interdependency. (Moore, n. d.) It is important to appreciate that a society marked by properly regulated interdependency, by the application of correct practices relating to shaming, the quantum of unlawful anti-social activities, i.e. the level of crime must be less. The hypothetical issue of modern criminology, its poor focus on social interdependency, therefore shows an intense issue in the Western approach towards punishment and crime. The basic issue has been that a methodical uncoupling relating to punishment and that of public shaming has been witnessed. In identifying shame as the emotion that controls the attachment between interdependent individuals Braithwaite as well as other theorists who are pioneers in the role of shame are proposing that realistic, effective programs are present. These programs should ...

Idioms and Expressions With Way

Idioms and Expressions With Way The following idioms and expressions with the noun way cover a wide range of topics and meanings. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help to understand of these common idiomatic expressions with way. All the way Definition: the entire distance, do everything necessary We drove all the way to Phoenix yesterday.Im sure they will make it all the way to finals. (Go) all the way Definition: travel the entire distance, achieve everything possible Make sure you go all the way to the end of the hall.Shell go all the way! In a bad way Definition: feeling poorly, in a very negative situation Im afraid Marys in a bad way. She needs our help.That car looks like its in a bad way. In a big way Definition: very much so I believe in that company in a big way.He enjoys tennis in a big way. In a familiar way Definition: pregnant Martha is in a familiar way.Did you know Peters wife is in a familiar way? In a family way Definition: pregnant Mary is in a family way.I hear that Jennifer is in a family way. It cuts both ways Definition: there are two sides to every argument, dont forget someone else is also involved Dont forget that it cuts both ways.Be nice to people when you beat them. Remember it cuts both ways. It cuts two ways Definition: there are two sides to every argument, dont forget someone else is also involved Some people forget that it cuts two ways and treat others poorly.Never forget that it cuts two ways. No way! Definition: exclamation of disbelief when surprised by a statement I like Justin Bieber. - No way!Peter and Jane are going to get married. - No way! Only way to go Definition: the best solution I bought a Wilson tennis racket. Theyre they only way to go.If you go to Hawaii, stay in Maui. Its the only way to go. Out of the way Definition: be in a position to not prevent progress You need to stay out of the way of your kids when they are teenagers.Good bosses stay out of the way of their employees. Swing both ways Definition: to be bisexual Anna swings both ways.Some of the men at work swing both ways. Thats the way the ball bounces. Definition: sentence used to accept defeat, or not achieving something one had hoped to achieve I didnt get the job. Thats the way the ball bounces.Dont get depressed. Thats the way the ball bounces. Thats the way the cookie crumbles. Definition: sentence used to accept defeat, or not achieving something one had hoped to achieve Our football team last the game. I guess thats the way the cookie crumbles.He wasnt accepted into the program. Thats the way the cookie crumbles. That way Definition: in love Peter and Tom are that way.Jasons that way, but she doesnt feel the same. Two-way street Definition: the same for both people Love is a two-way street.Never forget that your business associates are in a relationship with you that is a two-way street. Way down Definition: truthfully, the true feeling Way down he feels he should go back to university.I know she loves me way down. Way off (base) Definition: completely wrong I think your opinion of Tom is way off base.I was way off base about Mary. She really is a great person. Way out Definition: crazy, unbelievable That theory about UFOs is way out.Jack seems a little way out to me. Way to go! Definition: exclamation of praise I won the match. - Way to go!!Way to go, Tom! I knew you would get the job.

What was the short-term significance of Lord Liverpool's support for Coursework

What was the short-term significance of Lord Liverpool's support for Corn Laws 1815 in affecting support for the Conservative party - Coursework Example On the other end of the spectrum were those who were in favour of free trade and who opposed the Corn Laws as being a government concession to the land barons of Ireland and Britain, against the interest of the poor. The opinion of the latter is perhaps most eloquently voiced by Blake (170, p. 15) who assessed the 1815 corn laws from a distance of more than 150 years as ‘class biased’ †¦ ‘one of the most naked pieces of class legislation in English History, and a clear sign that the capitalist ideal was not going to prevail without a struggle’, a view clearly also later held by the authors of The Black Book.1 Yet, despite the concerns of the parties involved, Lord Liverpool was able to consolidate the opposing political forces within the Houses of Lords and Commons to pass the legislation with a 126 : 26 majority. Predictably, the poorer community fared badly as a result of artificially high corn prices and the next few years were marred by demonstratio ns and riots, followed by the passing of various pieces of repressive legislation in an attempt to control the rioters. Yet, despite these very unpopular measures, support for the conservative party and Liverpool rose - evidenced by the voting numbers during parliamentary business over the next few years. This has generally been attributed to post war problems facing Britain as well as Lord Liverpool’s skills in presenting these to his peers. This explanations is not disputed, however, this paper poses that there is a powerful additional factor, namely that once the corn laws had unleashed unrest, a fear factor developed which did not in fact constitute support for the policies of the conservative party at all but which nevertheless caused members of the parliament to act in semblance. It is also argued that this fear was by far the strongest motivation for giving continued support to the conservative party for as long as there was a danger of further riots. There can be no d oubt that the post-war problems faced by Britain in the aftermath of the Napoleonic wars were grave and that the modification to existing corn laws in 1815 can be understood as a short-term measure to avoid catastrophe. Corn laws had been in place in Britain since the 17th century and had basically consisted of a high rate of import duty imposed on a sliding scale to prevent imports and encourage exports, with import duties decreasing as corn prices increased (Fay, C. R., 1932, pp 28-43). This had kept corn prices relatively low and exports high until the middle of the 18th century when, for a variety of reasons, constant corn shortages forced frequent short-term measures to suspend import duties. In 1773 the government conceded that adjustments were required to reflect the real situation and lowered import duties to operate on a sliding scale, diminishing with increases in corn prices (Fay, C. R., 1932, pp 28-43). The underlying policies were to keep the farmers employed and making profits without inflating the price of corn to put it out of reach of the poor. The acts of 1791 and 1804 served a similar purpose, each one lowering the point at which corn import duties ceased. However, the income that was supposed to accrue from the imports did not eventuate as between 1792 and 1815 the price of corn was so high that virtually no import duty was collected (Hilton p. 3). This state of affairs continued with some further adjustments until 1804, by which time the system had been severely destabilized by the Napoleonic wars 1792-1815, which were fought along economic as well as military lines. Thus both parties engaged in economic blockades, bringing horrendous food shortages for England,

The Value of Life Coaching in Uncertain Economic Times Article

The Value of Life Coaching in Uncertain Economic Times - Article Example In fact, everyone tries to maximize his or her benefits at the expense of others since the resources available for the affluent metropolitan lifestyle of the middleclass are scarce and costly. How could one achieve things and conquer life without compromising on lifestyle and personal affluence Once again, the world is facing a financial recess with all its severities and retrogressive effects on the lives of the hard-working people from around the world as it occurred at the time of the Great Depression. Share markets are collapsing. National economies are being bankrupted. The employed looses his/her job on one fine morning and finds nothing for subsistence and survival. How could one still think of a successful career and what could be done for guaranteeing a life with dignity The sophisticated efforts of human resource development that aims to address the complexities life in twenty first century has led to the spawning of innovations such as life coaching. Life coaching enables one to churn one's own life in difficult times with the help of a trained professional as it becomes necessary to 'born again' in order to fight back against the vicissitudes of life in the new millennium. Life coaching not only brings about changes in ones life that could provide him with a place in the class of the fittest that are capable of survival but also empower the trained to sustain such desired changes. Life coaching enhances both physical and mental capabilities and potentials in order to make one competent enough to be successful in all the spheres of life ranging from material to spiritual. Therefore, eminent theorists such as Zeus and Skiffington define life coaching as 'structured and process-driven relationship between a trained professional and an individual to achieve valuable and sustainable changes in life'. Life coaching as a tool of self-realization in this world is designed to assist persons who want to become No.1s at multiple arenas of life such as career, education, relationships, status, health and happiness. It is important to note that life coaching is sought after by professionals and white-collar employees who always seek to go beyond where they are actually placed in and acquire skills that they presently do not have. Significantly, life coaching does not see life in its parts but validates it as something qualitatively and quantitatively greater than its parts. The strength of life coaching lies in the fact that it is a holistic approach towards solving difficult problems in life. One cannot solve the problems s/he encounters at one particular field of life alone since living difficulties are interrelated and interdependent. Therefore, life coaching advocates a combination of techniques and solutions while encountering a particular hardship in life. To be precise, life coac hing is not merely solving one or another problem faced by a person but reforms and renovates a person and redefines his/her existence. One who undergoes such an experience will not be infested by the residues of the 'old' life but will be radiating with the energies of new life. One who gets life coaching could substantially alter his/her abilities, attitudes, values, emotions, and aspirations. Thus, a change from within would lead the person to emancipation and empowerment in the social setting s/he is happened

The United States Presidential Election Essay Example for Free

The United States Presidential Election Essay The recent victory of Barack Obama in the United States Presidential Election of 2008 is one of the biggest issues among many other big events that have occurred in America this year. Early on, even during the presidential primaries, the topic of whether or not then Presidential candidate Obama would be influential enough to win the electoral vote was an issue. It was undoubted that the Democratic Party enjoyed the support of the popular vote yet the bigger was issue was whether or not they would be able to gain enough of the Electoral College votes. The events and debates leading up to the election have also brought about a controversial election topic which is that of Electoral College reform. This brief discourse shall tackle the issue of Electoral College Reform and whether or not a different method for the selection of the United States president should be used. To arrive at a better understanding of the issue, it is important to first discuss the pros and cons of the current system. As such, there will be a discussion into the historical antecedents and the impact of such electoral changes. Finally, this discourse will highlight the reasons why the method used by Maine and Nebraska is more effective. Electoral College Reform In 1888, the election of Benjamin Harrison was controversial because for the first time in American History the winner of the Electoral College lost the popular vote. This raised a lot of questions because it was thought to symbolize the lack of support for the President by the American public. It would also mean that the mandate of the public was not for the President and it would make it very difficult to pass reforms and laws. This is because the United States has a democratic government. It must be remembered that a democratic system is often mistakenly characterized as the rule of the majority (Davenport 380). While there is usually a large group of middle class individuals that comprise this democratic system, it does not necessarily mean that the majority rule. This only means that the majority usually elects the representative to office but the hallmark of any democracy is still the protection of the rights of the minority. As such, the system of Electoral College ensures that while the majority may influence the outcome of an election it also makes sure the people are able to freely select their representation at all levels, most especially at the level of the presidency. Most recently, the issue of Electoral College Reform once again made the headlines as President George W. Bush narrowly won the electoral vote but had lost the popular vote. This victory raised a lot of questions and even the former Senator Hillary Clinton called for a constitutional amendment that would allow for the selection of the President to be through popular vote and not the electoral vote. It is clear that this measure did not pass yet it certainly did bring to the consciousness of the public the necessity of reviewing the issue of Electoral College Reform. Pros and Cons It stands to reason why such a system, which has been in place for so long and been the reason for the election of several Presidents, should be replaced with an antiquated election style. In order to arrive at a better understanding of the issue, it is important to first discuss the concerns of the Electoral College system. This is with the goal of proving that there is a need for Electoral College Reform and the adoption of the Congressional District method which is being used in Maine and Nebraska. The first reason is that it is argued that the system of Electoral College Reform does not accurately reflect the sentiment of the public. This is because as the examples in the recent elections have shown an individual can still be declared as the President of the United States even if he or she does not have the support of the majority or the popular vote. Under the Electoral College system, as long as the candidate enjoys the support of the States with the heaviest weight, he is virtually assured of victory. This is because of the fact that the framers of the Constitution sought for equality in representation and wanted to ensure that the voters in the sparsely populated states would have more weight as compared to those in the more densely populated states. This was done to ensure that those in smaller states would be able to be heard and have representation. This was also done to ensure that the majority would not overwhelm the minority. Another peculiar aspect of the Electoral System is that a candidate can win the election if he so happens to accumulate wins in many states that are relatively small in size even if his opponent is able to get larger wins in smaller states. The reason for this is that the Electoral System also features the â€Å"winner take all† system which rules that the proportion of the electoral vote often bears little resemblance to the popular vote. The winner take alls system also creates a few problems because the smaller number of electoral votes creates a discrepancy with the amount of random round offs which has been stated as an error. The presence of this error is also problematic because most studies have shown that it reduces voter turn out in areas and states where there are dominant parties. Seeing that they are not able to swing the vote either way, certain voters do not even attempt to exercise their right to vote for fear that it will all be for naught because of the numbers involved. Being the minority party in the state, they are aware that if their state uses the Electoral College System they will be unable to sway the outcome of the election either way. This is the reason why there is a voter apathy problem in most of these states. Perhaps the main problem with the Electoral College arises from the fact that in case there is no candidate who gets the majority of the electoral votes, it falls upon the House of Representatives to settle the issue. From this point alone, it is clear that there are several ramifications from such a method. The first is that the results of the election will not matter in any case because it will be the House of Representatives that will determine the winner. This may also be interpreted as a situation wherein the party which is able to get the most number of seats in Congress will decidedly determine the outcome of the election. The resulting partisan battle is no longer representative of the will of the public but rather the will of a representation that does not effectively carry the approval of the majority of the voting public. The second reason is because it often results in horse trading in order to determine the next President of the United States. Since the House of Representatives is composed of several congressmen, it boils down to trading votes for concessions when determining the leadership of the country. This totally disregards the electoral process and in a way can be construed as frustrating the will of the voting public. As such, the entire electoral process boils down to which side is able to gain more support for their candidate and which candidate is able to give more concessions to the parties. This is similar to events that transpired in 1824 and 1876. The leadership of a country boils down to tax measures and funding instead of what it is really supposed to be about, the will of the voting public. This system also creates another problem by limiting the choices of the public. Since it has been determined that the party which has a better network generally wins, the Electoral System leaves out the alternative parties such as the liberals. In the past elections, it has been shown that it is only the Republican or the Democratic Party that is able to field the candidates. While the liberal party has shown more strength, the realistic candidates are generally from the two party systems which in effect limit the choices of the voting public. One of the other problems in an Electoral College comes from the fact that there is a necessity for primary elections. This means that the long drawn out process of Elections is really simply just a process that was already more or less decided when the primaries were cast. As the recent elections have shown, when there are primary elections it already becomes clear where the popular votes are and where the electoral strengths are. This also results in a frustration in the vote and the will of the electorate because having the primaries means that in most cases the votes of the last states does not really matter, except when it is a really close election but in most cases this is not often the case. The reason for this is that the results of the elections have been decided because most of the candidates have conceded even before all the votes have been cast due to the projections of certain candidates having insurmountable lead. The end impact of all of these negative aspects is quite simple. It means that the electoral process is frustrated and the right of the voters to be heard and make a difference with their vote is disregarded. This is based on the fact that when the electoral process is determined before it is over it sends the signal that the vote of those who have not voted is no longer necessary in determining the results. This may, in the long run, lead to voter apathy and lack of support from certain states. From the point of view of the electoral process, it is not a real electoral process because it does not allow for the real sentiments of the public to be reflected. Through the electoral process, the foundations of a democratic system become all the more evident. The right of the people to vote and to choose who they will elect as president is one of the important foundations of a representative democratic system (Lijphart 139). Without these foundations in place, there would be no way to ensure that the rights of the people are protected. The right to select a representative ensures that everyone has a chance to be heard. In the wise words of Abraham Lincoln, Democracy is the government of the people, by the people and for the people.

Same Day Voter Registration :: essays research papers

Same day voter registration, as the name implies, is the process of registering to vote on the day elections are held. Because of the way this would and does affect the results of elections, it is a â€Å"hot topic† among many in the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Proponents of the issue use the argument that same day voter registration would increase voter turnout, which in fact, it has been proven to do. The three states that have currently adopted same day registration, Maine, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have seen voter turnout increase by about 5%. This is due to the reduction in the cost of voting to the voter. Pre- registration requires time and effort, something so many Americans seem unwilling to spend. By allowing same day registration, the voter no longer has to have the foresight to register, nor take the time to find the registration place and then actually send in the registration card.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Same day registration also places less of a premium on permanent residence. Many lower class Americans who have no stable residence, along with those people who just move a lot, would find same day registration very convenient, and it might be the difference as to weather or not they vote.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite the many up-sides to same day registration, many feel it would be detrimental to the voting process. Along with same day registration comes a higher possibility of voting fraud. It would be easier for a voter to vote multiple times at different precincts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Republicans are more likely to be against same day registration. They feel as if the people who take advantage of it, those who didn’t get around to registering, would probably not be republicans. Many, republican or not, feel as if same day registration would also lead to â€Å"snap-decision† voting, voting for a cartoon character or a wrestler, or, god forbid, a third party candidate. Many opposed to same day registration feel that the people who are voting now without it are the people that need to be voting, and we don’t need to involve anyone else.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Despite my initial feeling of indifference, I am for same day voter registration. I think that the more people that get involved and cast a vote, the more the elected official can properly represent those he or she serves.

Government Capital Punishment Essay

Theories of punishment have significant role to play in the ongoing debate on capital punishment, especially for murder. Some retributivists appeal to the lex talionis, the law of retaliation, to determine the appropriate amount of punishment . This principle specifies that the punishment should inflict on offenders what they have done to their victims; â€Å"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth†, and â€Å"a life for a life†. Capital punishment is therefore the only appropriate punishment for murder. But the lex talionis is deeply flawed. It focuses on the harm done by offenders without regard to their mental states. A life may be taken intentionally or accidentally; a person may be killed for personal gain or in order to relieve him or her of the agony of a terminal illness. Even if we restrict the scope of the lex talionis to cases in which the wrongdoing is fully intentional, there is still the problem about the level at which the punishment should imitate the crime (Singer, 1993). Should murderers be killed in exactly the manner that they killed their victims? In any case, it is impossible to apply the lex talionis to many offenders; the penniless thief, the tooth assailant who knocks out his victim’s teeth, the tax evader, etc. If conscious of the defects of the lex talionis, retributivists merely insist that the punishment should be appropriate to the moral gravity of the offence, then this requirement can be satisfied so long as the murderer is punished more severely than less serious offenders. There is no need for capital punishment. From the utilitarian point of view, capital punishment can only be justified if it produces better consequences than less severe forms of punishment. This condition would be satisfied if capital punishment is a superior deterrent to alternative forms of punishment such as long periods of imprisonment. So a utilitarian will try to settle the issue on the basis of the evidence about the effects of capital punishment. The statistical evidence is based on comparisons of murder rates in countries where there is capital punishment with those in socially similar countries where there is no capital punishment, and no comparisons of the murder rates in one and the same country at different times when it had capital punishment and when it later abolished it, or when it restored capital punishment after a period of abolition. The evidence does not show that capital punishment is a superior deterrent. However, the utilitarian approach is rejected by those who wish to place greater value on the lives of the innocent victims of murder than on the lives of convicted murderers. It is suggested that the evidence does not conclusively rule out the superior deterrence of capital punishment, and in the presence of such uncertainty, it is better to have capital punishment. If there is capital punishment, and it turns out that capital punishment is not a superior deterrent, then convicted murderers have been unnecessarily executed. If, on the other hand, we abolish capital punishment, and it turns out that it is a superior deterrent, then there would be additional victims of murder. But this argument is unacceptable because where there is capital punishment, it is certain that convicted murderers will die, but in the absence of capital punishment and in the light of available evidence there is only a remote probability that there would be more innocent victims of murder (Conway, 1974). In any case, there is a risk of a few innocent people being wrongly convicted of murder and executed if there is capital punishment. This has to put on the scales against capital punishment.

The Twenty-First Century

Never before in history have there been more health problem in the world than in the twenty-first century. There seems to be an incrementing amount of people that will be diagnosed with some type of disease or sickness. The main culprit that causes so many people to be in that state is diet. This not only affects adults but children as well, significantly on school property. A child that is well nourished can perform well in school and adapt to making healthier decisions in regards to the consumption of foods. Thus, banning junk food in schools is an effective solution to students performance in school. In the schools setting children are no longer advised by their parents on what to eat and are forced to choose from the options that the school offers. The child's health then depends upon the nutritional value of the choices that are available. Junk food in schools often includes pizza, hamburgers, fried foods such as french fries and chips, canned food, and large quantities of processed foods. Some of these foods can come from vending machines as well. There can be healthier options such as vegetables, salad, and fruits, however, children tend to choose less healthy options. On the occasion that schools ban junk food, children will have no other option but to choose healthier food choices. This will result in an increase of children eating healthier and enhancing their performance to do well in school. In some instances, children can be rebellious and not want to consume the healthy alternatives due to unfavorable preferences. This can cause ineffective performs in the classroom and their overall behavior hindering their ability to do well academically. However, schools can solve this by advising and consulting with the children before making any changes. In this process school administrators motivate children to make healthier food choices using incentives, pledges, and competitions which is exactly what a field study conducted by Sekar Raju, Priyalin Rajagopal, and Timothy J. Gilbride. The study concluded that â€Å"all three interventions increased the choice of fruits and vegetables ten weeks after the intervention ended.† This demonstrates that it is possible for children to adapt to healthier food choices that they can apply when choosing foods from the cafeteria. Children can even make a habit early on in their lives to eat healthier. Some people might say that the problem of children's poor health is caused by how they were taught how to make decisions at home and not on school grounds, thus it is not the school's responsibility to attend to every child dietary needs. However, if the school's administration had already taken the initiative to respond by the students best academic interests they should take into consideration that proper nutrition can enhance their performance. According to the article â€Å"The Relationship between Nutrition and Children's Educational Performance: A Focus on the United Arab Emirates† by Galal, Osman, and Judie Hulett, students who are not well nourished have lower attendance, shorter attention span, lower performance scores, and more health-related problems. In addition to this, junk food is harmful and can inhibit students performance in school. There was a cross-section survey done by British secondary school children and the results stated that the daily consumption of junk food was associated with poorer mental and physical health. Thus, if schools provide healthier options students can perform better in school and articulate in a normal manner. A concern that schools and parents have is that banning junk food and increasing healthier alternatives will result in additional money needed to buy the materials and food. This was the case for Maplewood-Richmond Heights School District in suburban St. Louis that with the initiative of superintendent Lina Henke, candy, chips, and all but one vending machine were removed. She also had all processed food replaced by whole foods by means of local resources. Linda Henke stated that â€Å"To get kids to focus on school, and come to class with energy and enthusiasm, this is essential.† Although most districts struggle with the budget, once changes have been made to the foods served in the cafeteria the school will benefit from the children's academic and social performance. For this reason, additional schools are making changes and seeing promising results from banning junk food. Banning junk food in school can benefit both the school and the children. Although the school will have to make accommodations due to financial requirements the outcomes will result in an overall better performance by the students. Student will learn earlier on in their live how to make healthier food choices and add to their well being as they grow up. Schools should take more into consideration the power that food can have on children and their performance in school.

30 Nautical Expressions

30 Nautical Expressions 30 Nautical Expressions 30 Nautical Expressions By Mark Nichol Last week, I listed fifty nautical terms originating from seafaring jargon but extended by analogy, with new meanings, to general usage. This roster includes idioms and expressions derived from nautical phrases, many of them originally codified as commands. 1. Abandon ship: an order given when a vessel is disabled or about to sink (give up on an idea or project) 2. All hands on deck: an order for all crew members to assemble in an emergency (a call for everyone available to be available to assist with an activity or event) 3. Anchor’s aweigh: a comment made when a vessel’s anchor is clear of the ocean floor and the vessel can leave its anchorage; sometimes pluralized to â€Å"anchors aweigh† and occasionally misspelled â€Å"anchors away† (a reference to being ready to go) 4. Batten down (the hatches): an order to secure hatches and doors and, when simply rendered â€Å"batten down,† all gear (prepare for criticism or opposition) 5. Bear a hand: an order to assist in the performance of an action (help) 6. Bear down (on): overtake (apply additional effort) 7. Bitter end: the last segment of a rope or chain (the final portion of a difficult or unpleasant task or occurrence) 8. Cast off: let go (remove or throw away) 9. Come around: turn into the wind (align oneself with another way of thinking) 10. Dead ahead: in front of the vessel directly along its center line (straight ahead) 11. Even keeled: well balanced said of a vessel (steady, even tempered) 12. Fend off: push off when landing in a boat so as to avoid damage or upset (defend oneself from others or keep them away) 13. Gangway: an area on a vessel for embarking and disembarking (a warning to move out of the way) 14. Gone overboard: fallen over the side (said of one who has veered too far from the norm in one’s actions or opinions) 15. Keep a sharp lookout: an order to be especially vigilant in watching for hazards (be alert) 16. On deck: present for duty (in baseball, taking one’s place in a special area when one is next up at bat; in general, next in line or about to be presented) 17. Pay out: steadily slacken a line (distribute payment) 18. Pass down the line: relay an order (convey news or information in a series or to others) 19. Pass the word: repeat an order (convey news or information to others) 20. Run aground: striking the ocean floor with the hull of a vessel (halted because of a lack of resources, or reached an impasse) 21. Set a course: steer the vessel toward the intended destination (specify policy or a course of action) 22. Shake a leg: make haste (move quickly) 23. Shoot across the bow: fire a weapon in front of a vessel to signal that it should halt, at the risk of attack if the warning shot is ignored (express a comment or perform an action that signals intent in order to determine the likely response to a subsequent comment or action) 24. Sound out: determine the depth of a body of water (obtain someone’s opinion or reaction) 25. Stand by: an order to await further commands (wait) 26. Stem the tide: steer directly into a current or waves (prevent a mounting force or threat) 27. Stem to stern: the forward end of the bow to the rear part of the vessel; the entire vessel (front to back, beginning to end, or all-inclusive) 28. Storm warning: an announcement of a coming storm (a harbinger of danger or threat) 29. Three sheets to the wind: sailing with sails unsecured (drunk) 30. Wide berth: a significant distance between one vessel and another (plenty of space) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:List of Greek Words in the English LanguageDozen: Singular or Plural?

The Wall - Picture Book About A Visit to Vietnam War Memorial

The Wall - Picture Book About A Visit to Vietnam War Memorial Author Eve Bunting has a gift for writing about serious subjects in a way that makes them accessible to young children, and she has done just that in her picture book The Wall. This childrens picture book is about a father and his young sons visit to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. Its a good book to share on Memorial Day, as well as Veterans Day and any other day of the year. The Wall by Eve Bunting: The Story A young boy and his dad have traveled all the way to Washington, DC to see the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. They have come to find the name of the boys grandfather, his dads father. The little boy calls the memorial my grandfathers wall. As the father and son look for the grandfathers name, they meet others who are visiting the memorial, including a veteran in a wheelchair and a couple weeping while hugging one another. They see flowers, letters, flags, and a teddy bear that have been left at the wall. When they find the name, they do a rubbing and leave a school photograph of the boy on the ground below his grandfathers name. When the boy says, Its sad here, his father explains, Its a place of honor. The Books Impact This brief description does not do justice to the book. It is a poignant tale, made more so by the muted watercolor illustrations of Richard Himler. The boys obvious feelings of loss for a man he never knew, and his fathers quiet remark, He was just my age whe he was killed, really bring home the impact of war on the families whose lives have been changed by the loss of a loved one. Yet, while the father and sons visit to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial is bittersweet, it is a comfort to them, and this, in turn, is a comfort to the reader. The Author and the Illustrator Author Eve Bunting was born in Ireland and came to the United States as a young woman. She has written more than 200 childrens books. These range from picture books to young adult books. She has written other childrens books on serious subjects, such as Fly Away Home (homelessness), Smoky Night (the Los Angeles riots) and Terrible Things: An Allegory of the Holocaust. Eve Bunting has also written numerous more lighthearted childrens books, such as Sunflower House and Flower Garden, both of which are on my Top 10 Children’s Picture Books About Gardens and Gardening list. In addition to The Wall, artist Richard Himler has illustrated a number of other books by Eve Bunting. These include Fly Away Home, A Days Work, and Train to Somewhere. Among the childrens books hes illustrated for other authors are Sadako and the Thousand Paper Cranes and Katies Trunk. Recommendation The Wall is recommended for six- to nine-year-olds. Even if your child is an independent reader, I suggest that you use it as a read-aloud. By reading it aloud to your children, you will have the opportunity to answer any questions they may have, to reassure them, and to discuss the story and the purpose of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial. You might also put this book on your list of books to read around Memorial Day and Veterans Day. (Clarion Books, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1990; Reading Rainbow paperback edition, 1992. ISBN: 9780395629772)

Beauty is a high valued virtue in Greek mythology Essay

Beauty is a high valued virtue in Greek mythology - Essay Example In the text, Zeus believed that Leto’s children were beautiful, a quality that made them be attractive before him (Evslin 14). Father Zeus was delighted by Leto’s children whose faces shone brightly above other children on earth. This story reveals the physical trait of beauty that the Greek held in society. In this story, the quality of beauty has not been ascribed to any moral trait, but physical traits as shown. In another story, Evslin gives an account of how Father Zues perceived beauty among the maidens. In the story of Aphrodite, Father Zeus was impressed by the beauty of Aphrodite who was regarded as the goddess of love. In the description presented in the text, all the beauty of the Aphrodite is depicted in the physical sense. Evslin gives the description of the maiden as tall and beautiful with golden hair (Evlslin 21). From Father Zeus description of Maiden—the goddess of desire, most of her beauty were reflected in the physical sense. The description of the goddess, who Father Zeus brought to Olympus does not reflect moral, but instead a physical trait. The story of Eros and Pysche, also gives a vivid illustration that the Greek regarded beauty physical and not a moral trait. Evslin gives an account of a king who had three daughters; with one being more beautiful than Aphrodite. In the story, Aphrodite was so jealous of this beautiful Lady that she was not happy with her. In fact, the story reveals that Aphrodite asked Psyche why she was â€Å"pretending to be beautiful† like her, because she thought that she was the only one endowed with beauty in the whole of Olympus (Evslin 39). The story also depicts Pysche as being beautiful because her eyes were huge and brilliant. The use of this description demonstrates that Pysche was indeed beautiful because of her physical trait, and not from a moral perspective. Without doubt,

Managing Financial Resources Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Managing Financial Resources - Assignment Example Usually, the concept of opportunity cost is not recorded in the books of accounts. Then also it is a significant factor in the decision-making process also. Decision making is the fundamental nature of the management of an entity. It is necessary to collect, analyze and present the accounting information in an appropriate manner to meet the requirements of various interested groups. Stakeholders of the company mean those groups of persons who are interested in the organizational functions and affairs. The stakeholders of the company mean the shareholders, lenders, employees, suppliers, customers, competitors, Government as well as the public as a whole. Moreover, the balance sheet of a company is giving focus on the changes that have taken place in the accounting year. The ultimate object of financial statements is that of evaluating the financial strength and weaknesses of the firm.Capital budgeting means planning for capital assets. The decision about capital budgeting means a deci sion as to whether or not the money should be invested in long term projects. The term budget is a device which helps the management in planning and control of business activities. It is a statement relating to future plans. Budget is essential for business because it provides management with a plan of operation to be followed during a specified future period. Not only this but also it is possible to plan and control the income and expenses. A business might have a cash budget, sales budget, purchase budget, etc.The concept of variance analysis is an important concept in standard costing. Variance means the difference between actual cost and standard cost. Variance point out to the management that whether the costs are under their control or beyond? It may be either favorable or not. If the actual cost is less than the standard, the difference indicates that there is a positive variance, but reverse on the other hand. Variance analysis is the procedure of evaluating variances by sub dividing the total variances in such a way that the management can assign responsibility for poor performance. Generally, the variances may be of cost variance and sales variance. Among them, the cost variance is significant and which may be of three types, material variance, labor variance, and overhead variance.  

Japanese Education System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Japanese Education System - Essay Example It is also important that educational reformers and governments understand the difference between what has been good in the education of Japan and what can be termed as self defeating. To understand the difference better, given below is an understanding of the Japanese form of education and the various ideals that shape it. The Japanese system of education While official education in Japan begins from the first standard up till the ninth standard , unofficially preschool is an important part of education too. A vast majority of Japanese children attend preschool after which the official education framework provides for free and compulsory schooling from grade one to grade nine. The syllabus is balanced, extensive and covers varied subjects like mathematics, sciences, social sciences and languages. Grades ten to twelve are known as upper secondary school. Though these grades are not compulsory, 94% of students do complete lower secondary schooling. One third of the students from upper secondary go into post graduate studies where universities offer complete four-year education and junior colleges offer two-years of education. Women’s education is also given equal importance and opportunities are rendered to women through special universities or co-educational institutions. Japan’s educational ideals The Japanese system of education has been influenced by various factors and ideals through its history, from the ancient, to the medieval and modern times. Even though foreign ideas have influenced the education system at times, and have rendered Western ideas of liberalization, it has gone back to its age old ideals. After the period of Meiji Restoration, study missions were sent to US, France and Russia and a national education system based on Western ideas was established. However, in a little while, some Western ideas like individualism were found unsuitable (Beauchamp, 1985) and soon most of traditional Japanese education was restored. What remained about the foreign influence was just the structure of grade school, junior high and high school. Coeducation and compulsory education up till the age of 15 were also retained. Japanese tradition gives importance to respect for society, team goals and hard work, factors that reflect in its education system as well. Academic excellence is stressed upon and statistics reveal that Japanese school children, begin to earnestly study right from kindergarten. The society of Japan is highly education-minded, disciplined, and morally inclined. While such a system has its benefits, over the years these ideals of education have had their negative impacts too. Here is a critical examination of the educational ideals that shape Japan and the benefits and ill effects the system has had on individuals and the society at large. Academic achievements Academic achievements are an important ideal in Japanese education. Students work hard to score well starting from the stage of kindergarten onwards. From childhood, students have to constantly cope up with learning, memorizing and passing examinations, a necessary prerequisite for admissions into college to pursue higher education. In many cases where student miss classes due to illness, parents take notes of lessons missed in class. Parents take serious part in parent-teacher meetings and also send their children to private tuitions2 so that they can score well in studies. A student's competence is tested in competitive college examinations, where high grades are vital

Tokugawa Period (Edo Period) Essay Example for Free

Tokugawa Period (Edo Period) Essay The relevance of the Tokugawa Period (Edo Period) to the development of Modern Japan is based on the fact that it marked the restoration of imperial rule and ushered in the beginning of the development of early modern Japan (Bryant 2005).   The innovations that were introduced during this period included the increase in commerce through the encouragement of the shipping of commodities.   This resulted in the economic expansion of Japan on a domestic scale initially and eventually foreign commerce. This also saw the flourishing of construction trades as well as banking facilities and merchant guilds (Bryant 2005).    Through these economic developments, Japan quickly saw the urbanization of its society and the rising economic independence through the increase in agricultural production and the spread of rural handicrafts which greatly revitalized the economy and helped convert a population that was comprised of 80 percent (80%) peasants into a more mercantile population.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Qing Dynasty (Manchu Dynasty) was the last ruling imperial dynasty of China.   The fall of traditional China was caused by the weakened military power during the 1800’s and the massive rebellions that shook China during the same period.   By the early 20th century, the death of Ci Xi and the Guangxu emperor had left the imperial family relatively powerless and unstable against the mass civil disorder that had begun (Bartlett 1991). The ultimate humiliation for the Qing dynasty was the loss of imperial power that it had when it relinquished control over the military to Yuan Shi-kai and his Beiyang commanders and the establishment of a Republican constitutional reform.   This led to installation of Yuan Shi-kai as the president of the Republic pursuant to the negotiations with Sun Yat-Sen.   Finally, in 1912, after 12 rounds of negotiations, Longyu issued the Imperial Edict bringing about the abdication of the child emperor Puyi and thus marking the fall of traditional imperial China (Bartlett 1991). References: Beatrice S. Bartlett. Monarchs and Ministers: The Grand Council in Mid-Ching China, 1723–1820. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991. Anthony J. Bryant Sekigahara 1600: The Final Struggle for Power, Praeger Publishers; September, 2005

Romanticism Vs. Survival In Th :: essays research papers

An important theme in The Death of Artemio Cruz, by Calrlos Fuentes, was the comparison of romanticism and survival. This is shown through two important characters: Artemio Cruz, and his son Lorenzo. A romantic (Lorenzo) is a being that has ideals and fights for them. They know their goals and try to achieve them, while survivors have an only goal of keeping themselves alive. The survivors live through their choices and the romantics die as heroes, but each one complements the missing half of the other. Artemio Cruz is a typical survivor. He “knew how to fuck up other people and not get [himself] fucked over'; (PAGE 137). His choices allow him to survive and others to be killed. Although he lives through his choices, Fuentes shows through his interesting narrative device of expressing Cruz’s unconscious, thoughts and memories that he regrets and reflects upon while on his deathbed. When the second person narrator says that you “are going to live...You are going to be the meeting point, the universal order’s reason for being...Your body has a reason for being...Your life has a reason for being...You are, you will be, you were, the universe incarnate'; (PAGE 305), he is trying to show that everyone has a reason for living. Fuentes shows the reader why Artemio’s life is so important and why he believes that he is a model to the people. Artemio Cruz lives through his choices. He chooses to be a survivor, but each time he makes a choice, he leaves part of his romantic half behind since he saved himself instead of others. Instead of following his ideals, he follows his greed. He chooses to become rich and corrupt and to abandon his dreams, but he regrets doing a lot of those things because he killed many people in order to survive, including a part of himself. He said that he “could have died at Perales...with that soldier...I survived. You died'; (PAGE 236). After everything is passed, he stops to think about what he did wrong and regrets it, but at the time, he just cared about himself. When he went to war he met Regina and they started to have a relationship, but since he is a survivor, once again he saved himself. Regina got killed, but he didn’t. However, his son Lorenzo, has a completely different life story, but of the same importance.

Indian National Army and Its Role in Independence Struggle

Indian National Army And Its Role in Independence struggle Yogesh Dilhor ID NO. 1947 IIND YEAR, B. A. , LL. B. (HONS. ) DATE OF SUBMISSION: 25TH SEPTEMBER, 2012 NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL OF INDIA UNIVERSITY 1 Contents Introduction Introduction The much praised twelve volumes of the history of terminal years of British India edited by Nicholas Mansergh are titled The Transfer of Power, 1942-1947.Hugh Tinker while editing a parallel work on the same time period in Burmese history named it Burma: The struggle for Independence. Tinker does not see Burma obtaining its freedom through management from above. According to him, the British surrendered to the pressure from below. 1 While in case of India, what these twelve volumes assure us is that there was no such surrender of power in India, but her conveyance, a planned and calculated conveyance, with all that this implies in prior purpose, studied, management and mutual consent. These volumes announce that an armed struggle was quite unnecessar y, and even if it was attempted, when England was fighting darkness everywhere in the world, it was unconscionable, it was almost a criminal act. What this implies is complete ignorance of a very prominent part of the Indian Freedom struggle which was fought not by the Gandhian peaceful and deliberative means, but by taking up arms against the British. What they completely overlook is that there was a second front of truggle too which operated both inside and outside of India. One such attempt was the Indian National Army. It is a more like a forgotten chapter in our Independence struggle. Bipin Chandra in his book, India’s struggle for Independence puts it, â€Å"Before we end this chapter (Quit India Movement), a brief look at the Indian National Army is essential†, and then spares a single page for the very essential technical details (seemingly for a memorisation exercise) on Indian National Army in his 600 page long book.No doubt, the INA itself was defeated along with Japan, but even in its defeat, it became a symbol of India fighting for its independence. The very idea of an Indian Army founded and commanded by an Indian of unquestionable patriotism was enough to evoke enthusiasm from an unarmed people long used to watching the display of British military might. The INA in essence, represents the last attempt of the Indian people to fight together for the liberation of a United India.But the official recognition of this brave and unique attempt has been somewhat muted or overshadowed by Gandhi in the initial years of Independent India. INA? s leadership, its functioning, its campaigns, its motivations, and its aspirations form a very interesting study of a second front of Independence struggle. 1 Peter Ward Fay THE FORGOTTEN ARMY: INDIA'S ARMED STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 1942-1945 Pg. No. 4 (1st edn 1995) 2 Id. 3 Research Methodology Aim The aim of the research paper is to highlight the role of Indian National Army in India? s struggle for Independence. ObjectiveThe objective of the paper is to emphasize on the existence of a second front of the independence struggle which derives its motivations from the mainstream Gandhian struggle but employs means very different from it. This is achieved by looking at various features of the Indian National Army before, during and after its active action like the motivations of the recruits, the methods employed in the campaign and the historic INA trials. A special role is assigned to Subhash Chandra Bose as without the appeal of his character, there would not have been an Indian National Army.Scopes and Limitations The scope if this paper is limited to the analysis of the formation of the Indian National Army and its immediate effect on the Indian struggle for independence. The Paper also includes within its ambit the role of Subhash Chandra Bose in the Indian National Army. Given the spacial constraints of this paper, it fails to undertake a detailed analysis of the military ac hievements of the INA. The paper is restricted to the impact of the successes and failures of the INA on the overall campaign.The paper also fails to give an analysis of the role played by the INA legacy in the social reconstruction of the free India in the postindependence scenario, although they were very significant consequences with regard to their impact on the Indian Army of a free India. Mode of Citation A uniform mode of citation has been employed throughout this paper. Sources The researcher has completely depended on the secondary sources such as autobiographies, journal articles and campaign accounts of Subhash Chandra Bose and INA officers.The only primary materials used are the speeches of Subhash Chandra Bose and the letters exchanged by the INA officers. 4 Research Questions ? ? ? ? ? What was the ideological foundation of the armed resistance against the British rule and how did a second front of independence struggle come into existence? What were the factors which guided the INA through its formation and in subsequent military operations? What was the impact of Subhash Chandra Bose on the INA? What were the motivations of the soldiers to join the ranks of the INA?What impact did the INA trials have on the independence movement? 5 The Ideological Origins As the study of Civil Disobedience against the British in India would remain obsolete without a conceptual understanding of the Gandhian principles and practicalities that lay behind it, similarly an effort to understand the significance of the Indian National Army in India? s struggle for independence in isolation from the ideological wars that gave rise to it would be rendered ineffectual.On one side of this ideological conflict was Gandhi and his peaceful resistance to the Raj with self-imposed restraints with regards to the methods of struggle against the British. Under his theme of struggle, the means of achieving a goal were as important as the goal itself. He firmly believed that if the means are corrupt or violent, the goal itself would get contaminated. 3 And on the other end of it was Subhash Chandra Bose, with his uncompromising attitude and adamant desire to kick the British out of India even if it meant rubbing shoulders with the Nazis themselves. According to Subhash Chandra Bose, the new form of imperialism of Italy, Germany and Japan was in direct conflict with the old forms of imperialism of Britain and United States. In this regard, his opportunist views were closely aligned with those of the „Father of Indian unrest? , Lokmanya Tilak, who believed that Indian nationalists should learn to take advantage of the difficulty of its enemy and use them to advance the cause of their freedom. 5 In March 1942, he went over radio from Berlin: †¦. In British decline alone, lies the hope of India’s independence.Every Indian who works to strengthen British hands betrays the cause of his motherland. Such a man is a traitor to India†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Whe n British Empire will go the way of all other empires of the past and out of its ashes will rise a free and united India†¦. 6 In his essay „The Morality of Boycott? , Aurobindo Ghosh had once remarked, â€Å"in pursuit of justice and righteousness the saint? s holiness had to be complemented by the warrior? s sword†7 This vision of Aurobindo almost came alive in February 1938, when a revolutionary 3 Rudolf C.Heredia Interpreting Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj, 34(24) ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL WEEKLY 1497-1502 (June 12, 1999) 4 Robert N. Kearney Identity, Life Mission, and the Political Career: Notes on the Early Life of Subhash Chandra Bose 4(4) 617-636 (Dec 1983) 5 Biswamoy Pati Nationalist Politics and the ‘Making' of Bal Gangadhar Tilak 35(9/10) SOCIAL SCIENTIST (September 2007) 52-66 6 7 Sisir K Bose A BEACON ACROSS ASIA: A BIOGRAPHY OF SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE 126 (2nd edition 1996) Aurobindo Ghosh, The Morality of Boycott, THE DOCTRINE OF PASSIVE RESISTANCE 87-88 (1st edition 1948) leader from Bengal, Subhash Chandra Bose came to preside over the 51st session of the Indian National Congress in Gujarat. The sight of Gandhi and Bose in earnest conversation on the dias, at the plenary session of the Congress, warmed the hearts of the millions of Indians looking forward to a united nationalist stand against the British raj. 8 In his scheme of independence, Subhash Chandra Bose had attributed a very important role to Mahatma Gandhi, which was the sensitisation of the masses about the great cause of the independence of the motherland.But he strongly believed that a final strike of violence was necessary to drive the British out of India. This is what he said on 19th June 1943 after attending Japanese Parliament session to some 60 Japanese and foreign newsmen: â€Å"The enemy that has drawn the sword must be fought with the sword. Civil Disobedience must develop into armed struggle. And only when the Indian people receive the baptism of fire on a large scale, will they qualify for their freedom. †9 But what distinguished Subhash Chandra Bose from other revolutionaries of his time was his far sighted approach and detailed planning accompanying it.What helped him in his campaign was his distinctive knowledge of the world history and politics assisting him in making instantaneous comparisons of the political situation at home with various parallel instances of world history. In a historic speech while taking over the command of 13,000 troops of the Indian National Army under the scorching tropical sun at the city square in Singapore in August 1942, he said: â€Å"Throughout my public career, I have always felt that though India is otherwise ripe for independence in every way, she lacked one thing, namely, an army of liberation.George Washington of America could fight and win freedom because he had his army. Garibaldi could liberate Italy, because he had his armed volunteers behind him. It is your privilege and honour to be the first to come forward and organise India’s National Army. By doing so, you have removed the last obstacle in our path to freedom. Be happy and proud that you are the pioneers, the vanguard, in such a noble cause. †10 8 9 Sugata Bose HIS MAJESTY? S OPPONENT 135 (1st edition 2011) Sisir K Bose A BEACON ACROSS ASIA: A BIOGRAPHY OF SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE 142 (2nd edition 1996) 10 Id. at 149 7 The First Indian National Army The Japanese campaign in the South East Asia during the Second World War resulted in the fall of Singapore on 15th February 1942. About 80,000 British, Australian and Indian troops became Prisoners of War joining 50,000 taken during the January 1941 Malaya Campaign. Winston Churchill called the ignonimous fall of Singapore to the Japanese the „worst disaster? and the „largest capitulation? in the British history. These events caused much excitement among the 2 million Indians living in South East Asia.Those living in territories freed fr om European domination organised themselves into associations with the twofold objects of contributing their quota to the liberation of India from the British yoke and serving the interests of the overseas Indians during the critical, transitory period. 11 Indian Independence League was the umbrella organisation for the various smaller associations established in a large number of towns and even villages during this period.The organiser of the league was Rash Behari Bose, an old Bengali revolutionary who after the attempt to assassinate Lord Hardinge, fled to Japan in June 1915, married a Japanese girl and became a Japanese citizen. Meanwhile, POWs of the 1st /14th Punjab Regiment were received not by the rough Japanese soldiers, but by Giani Pritam Singh, an active eloquent Sikh Missionary and Major Fujiwara, a Propaganda Officer of the Japanese Army who assured the Indian soldiers that they were not prisoners but friends, honoured friends of Japan who, meant to work for the indepe ndence of India as her victorious armies marched on. 2 Major Fujiwara during his genuine arguments which went on during intervals for 10 or more days was able to convince one Captain Mohan Singh, one of the most senior Sikh officers of the 1st /14th Punjab Regiment to break away from the British army and take steps for the independence of the his own motherland. They told him that they took no delight in making prisoners of fellow Asiatics, fellow sufferers of the oppression and arrogance of the west and as soon as the British are ousted from the sub-continent, India would come under the „Co-Prosperity Sphere? hich Japan had created for Malaya, Burma and India with other regional countries. 13 Mohan Singh was no less aware of the atrocities committed on the Chinese by the Japanese and along with the goal of getting India independence from the British, one thing this was to 11 12 R. C. Majumdar HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA 683 (June 1988) Hugh Toye The First Indian Nati onal Army, 1941-42 15(2) JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES 365-381 (Sep 1984) 13 Id. 8 o was to keep the Indian forces under Indian control. By the end of December that year, Mohan Singh with the consent of a committee from the several hundreds of prisoners he controlled, agreed to organise an Indian National Army, as the military wing of the Indian Independence League of Pritam Singh, for action when India came to be invaded. 14 Fujiwara promised that this army was to be raised from Indians, directed by Indians, for the purpose of India alone.Although his ideas far outran official Japanese instructions: the propaganda operation had worked. 15 Against the same background of rising excitement, by the end of August, 1942, about 40, 000 men had signed a new pledge â€Å"to join the Indian National Army under Mohan Singh to serve real Indian interests and for the independence of India†. The motivations behind the mass enrolment of the volunteers will be discussed in a later sect ion of this paper.On 10th September, after inspecting the First INA division, an organised body of 16,300 men which has been assembled far more quickly than the Japanese had expected, Mohan Singh expressed his urge for more ambitious plans. He told the Japanese Officers that his ultimate plan was to raise an army of 250, 000 men largely from civilians. But the Japanese wanted to wait until their campaign for Burma and as just before the patience of Mohan Singh became exhausted, the Japanese planned to launch an offensive in Burma in early 1943 in which the First Division of the INA was to take part.But what the Japanese majorly demanded from the Indian troops was their active involvement only in the intelligence tasks and after Lieutenant Colonel Gill defected to the British with all the crucial information regarding the INA, serious differences began to emerge between the British and the Indian leadership of the INA. On March 1942, some of the leaders of the Indian Independence Lea gue, including Giani Pritam Singh and Swami Satyananda Puri of Bangkok were killed in an air crash on their way to a conference in Tokyo.Around the same time Colonel Hideo Iwakuro replaced Fujiwara as the Chief Liaison Officer of with the Indians. Contrary to Fujiwara? advice that Japan needed a diplomatic mission to handle relations with Indians, Iwakuro started operating like an espionage agency dedicated to short-term military objectives. 16The biggest problem for the Indians was the arrogance and high handedness of the middle ranking officers of the Japanese 14 Hugh Toye THE SPRINGING TIGER Letter from Mohan Singh to Fujiwara, dated 1 Jan. 1942 Appendix I pg. 272 ( 3rd Edition 2011) 15 Supra note 12, at 9 16 Sugata Bose HIS MAJESTY?S OPPONENT 242 (1st edition 2011) 9 Army towards the Indian Military and civil Leadership. 17Despite Rash Behari? s efforts to keep the relations on an even kneel; the lack of trust between the two sides became palpable during the latter half of 1942. And finally, it was in December 1942, an impatient and exasperated Mohan Singh issued an order to disband the Indian National Army. He was promptly taken into detention and Rash Behari tried his best to salvage the situation for the next few weeks and prevented a complete dissolution of the Indian National Army. 17Hugh Toye The First Indian National Army, 1941-42 15(2) JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES 365-381 (Sep 1984) 10 Subhash Chandra Bose and the Second Front On 9th July 1943, at a rally in Singapore, gathered to show solidarity to the visiting Japanese Prime Minister, Subhash Chandra Bose said: Friends! We have for a long time been hearing so much of the second front in Europe. But our countrymen at home are now hard-pressed and they are demanding a second front. Give me total mobilisation in East Asia and I promise you a second front – a real second front for the Indian struggle. 8 The British considered Subhash Chandra Bose as a dangerous revolutionary and being a person who has been openly advocating taking advantage of the new situation emerging from the war in Europe, there was no way the British were going to allow Subhash to operate freely. He was arrested on 2nd July, 1940, under section 129 of the Defence of India Rules. 19 In prison, while he was being deprived of any political action, he deliberated upon the new developments in Europe and came to three conclusions. Firstly, Britain would lose the war and the British Empire would break up.Secondly, in spite of being in a precarious position, the British would not hand over power to the Indian people and the latter would have to fight for their freedom. Thirdly, India would win her independence if she played her part in the war against Britain and collaborated with those powers that were fighting Britain. 20 He decided to go on a hunger strike in the jail, challenging the government to â€Å"Release me, or I shall refuse to live. † In a three page hand written letter, he penned down the historic words: â€Å"One individual may die for an idea – but that idea will, after his death, incarnate itself in a thousand lives. 21 But as his health deteriorated, the British released him on 5th December 1940. After his release, Bose remained quietly in his ancestral house in Elgin Road, Calcutta, which was under strict surveillance by the Police. On 17th January, 1941, he escaped from the house and after an adventurous journey arrived in Kabul dressed as one Khalji Pathan. He stayed for a few weeks there and then proceeded to Moscow and then to Berlin on March 28. 22 18 19 Sisir K Bose A BEACON ACROSS ASIA: A BIOGRAPHY OF SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE 153 (2nd edition 1996) R.C. Majumdar HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA 682 (June 1988) 20 Tara Chand HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA VOL. 4 416 (4th edition 1992) 21 Sugata Bose HIS MAJESTY? S OPPONENT 181 (1st edition 2011) 22 Supra note 20, at 12 11 Bose was received well by Ribbentrop, the right hand man of Hi tler, where Bose boldly proposed a) he would propagate anti British propaganda from Berlin b) raise â€Å"Free Indian† units from Indian prisoners of War in Germany; while c) the Axis powers would make a joint declaration of Indian Independence. 3 Bose had a long meeting with Hitler on May 29th 1941, when the Fuhrer poured cold water on his idea of a declaration of a free India. Ironically, one of fiercest critics of the European colonialism could be seen allied with the world? s most racist and imperialist state. When Germany attacked Russia in June 1941, believing in their victory, he proposed to organise an Indian Army which could follow German Army to Central Asia and thence operate against the British forces on the north-western frontier. 4 But as the Axis powers started suffering reverses in many places including the Russian front, the ambitions of raising an Indian Armed Division in Germany also suffered. Subhash Chandra Bose soon realised that he couldn? t achieve muc h in Germany and made plans to go to Japan. Subhash Chandra Bose accepted the invitation of the Bangkok Conference held under Rash Behari Bose to lead the Indian Independence Movement in the South East Asia, despairing of success of his efforts in Europe.Bose was received in Tokyo on June 13th 1943 where the Japanese Premier made it clear to Subhash Chandra Bose that whether invaded or not, India was to remain under Japanese control. But at the same time he said that Japan had no requirements beyond the necessities of war and intended India to be independent. 25 Bose received encouragement in his project of a Provisional Government which would take control of the Indian Territory as the Japanese forces moved on.Two days later in the Diet (Japanese Parliament), Tojo surprised Subhash by making a declaration: â€Å"Japan is firmly resolved to extend all means in order help to expel and eliminate from India the Anglo-Saxon influences which are the enemy of the Indian people, and enabl e India to achieve full independence in the true sense of the term. †26 And it took not more than one day after this declaration for Netaji to review the Indian National Army and giving it the rousing war cries of â€Å"Chalo Delhi†. 27 23 24 R. C. Majumdar HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA 683 (June 1988) Tara Chand HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA VOL. 416 (4th edition 1992) 25 Hugh Toye THE SPRINGING TIGER 118 (3rd edition 2011) 26 Id. 27 R. C. Majumdar HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA 686 (June 1988) 12 The Second Indian National Army Netaji inaugurated the Provisional Government in a public meeting at Cathay Hall on 21st October, 1943 before an almost hysteric crowd who stormed the precincts of the Cathay Hall and presented indescribable scenes of overpowering feelings and emotions as the proclamation was made. 28 Hindustani was adopted as the national language, Jai Hind as the form of greeting, the Congress tricolour as the national flag and Tagore? poe m as the national anthem. This was followed by recognition of the Provisional Government by Japan, Germany, Italy, Croatia, Thailand, Burma, Nationalist China, The Philippines and Manchuria. Immediately after taking over the leadership of the Indian Independence Movement in South East Asia, Subhash Chandra Bose assumed personal control of the Indian National Army on 9th August 1943. A comprehensive plan for reorganisation and expansion was put into functioning. New training camps were opened with a thorough reorganisation of Recruitment and Training Departments. Instructions, commands and orders were to be given only in Hindustani.After six months of intensive training, both men and women recruits were absorbed into the Indian National Army. But when the question of INA? s participation in the proposed Imphal Campaign was raised before the Japanese Commanders, they expressed unwillingness to accept the proposal. Field Marshall Count Terauchi told Bose that the Indian National Army w ould not be able to stand the rigours of a Japanese Campaign. The main part of the INA was to be left in Singapore only and only the espionage and propaganda groups were to be used in the field. 29 To this Netaji proclaimed, „Any liberation of India secured through Japanese sacrifices? he said, „is worse than slavery.? 30 He talked about the national honour of India, insisted that the Indians must make the maximum contribution of blood and sacrifices themselves, and urged that the INA be allowed to form the spearhead of the coming offensive. 31 Terauchi at last consented to the employment of one regiment of the INA as a trial and only if it came up to the Japanese standards, other regiments would be allowed in the battlefield. 28 29 R. C. Majumdar HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA 687 (June 1988) Hugh Toye THE SPRINGING TIGER 125 (3rd edition 2011) 30 Id. 1 Supra note 29, at 14 13 INA in Action Subhash decided to raise a new brigade by selecting the best soldiers know n as the Subhash Brigade, from the other three brigades, namely Gandhi, Nehru and Azad which was to go in action. 32 The regiment was raised at Taiping in Malaya, in September, 1943 with Shahnawaz Khan as its commander. On February 4th, the first battalion of the Subhash Brigade left Rangoon for Arakan, and in the middle of March they had their first taste of blood where they defeated the much praised „West African Troops? from West Africa.Reinforced by the Japanese troops, they captured high altitude positions like Paletwa and Daletme. After this, the first British post on the Indian side was Mowdock, fifty miles east of Cox Bazaar which was again captured in a surprise attack at night. â€Å"The entry of the INA on Indian territory was the most touching scene. Soldiers laid themselves flat on the ground and passionately kissed the sacred soil of their motherland which they had set out to liberate. A regular flag hoisting ceremony was held amidst great rejoicing and singing of the Azad Hind Fauz National Anthem. 33 The Japanese withdrew from the post owing to the difficulties of supplies and the counter attack of the British forces, but the INA officers refused to do so. They said, â€Å"The Japanese can retreat because Tokyo lies in their way; our goal – the Red Fort, Delhi – lies ahead of us. We have orders to go to Delhi. There is no going back for us. † Thus, one Company of the INA under the command of Capt. Suraj Mal was left at Mowdok. The Japanese admiring the spirit also left one of their platoons to share the fate of the INA troops under the command of Capt.Suraj Mal which in itself was a unique as an Indian Officer was commanding a Japanese platoon. On this instance, The Japanese Commander-in-Chief in Burma went to Netaji, and bowing before him, said: â€Å"Your Excellency, we were wrong. We misjudged the soldiers of the INA. We now know they are no mercenaries, but real patriots†34 This division held on the Britis h counter offensive from May to September. The other battalions were ordered to proceed towards the Chin Hills where they fought against the British Army several skirmishes. Special mention may be made of the rout of Major Manning? forces at Klankhua, the successful defence of the post on the Klang Klang Road by 20 men of the INA against 100, and the capture of the British stronghold at Klang 32 R. C. Majumdar HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA 689 (June 1988) Id. 34 14 Klang. 35 As the Japanese were now satisfied with the military skill and the efficiency of the INA, the main body of the INA was ordered to proceed towards Kohima in the Naga Hills where they arrived in May. 36 Here, in conjunction with the Japanese troops, they captured Kohima and hoisted the Tricolour flag on the mountain tops around.But by the time May arrived, the morale of the INA began to decline. The INA lacked air cover as the Japanese had to withdraw their aeroplanes from the Indo-Burma border to the Pacif ic zone. The INA did not even have mortars; no artillery of their own and its machine guns were only medium sized and without spares. 37 No communication means, no transport gear and even without medical supplies these troops managed to stay in competition with some support from the Japanese. But with the rains, supplies were cut off completely forcing a Japanese retreat.The disaster to the Japanese forces, disease and starvation demoralised the INA and lead to resentment amongst the Indian troops. The INA had started to disintegrate and Bose found it more and more difficult to recruit more men as the funding also dried out. His government used more stringent measures of collecting funds and the Indian Independence League was infested with difficulties and slowed down its activities. 38 By December 1944, desertions became a regular affair on a daily basis. The Japanese and the Indian troops had been driven out of the Arakan sector.By the middle of the February, British had a strong hold on the ground and the fighting spirit amongst the INA had become impaired. By May, the INA was completely shattered. The credit for the British success was largely due to the American aid, specially airplanes, weapons and war material worth 650 crores received by the South East Command. 39 Bose who was at Rangoon received on April 20, 1945, the news that the Japanese had resolved to leave the capital. For him no other course remained except leave Rangoon with some of his ministers and the working contingent of the Rani Jhansi Regiment. After the Japanese urrender on 15th August 1945, Subhash was allowed to proceed on his journey in a plane provided by General Terauchi. The plane was reported crashed and Bose? s death was 35 36 R. C. Majumdar HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA 690 (June 1988) Tara Chand HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA VOL. 4 419 (4th edition 1992) 37 Id. , at 420 38 Stephen Cohen Subhash Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army 36(4) PACIFIC AFFAIRS 411- 429 (196364) 39 Id. 15 announced to the world on 23rd August 1945. His reported death and the surrender of the INA at Singapore marked the end of a vibrant chapter in India? s struggle for independence. 0 40 T. N Sareen Indian National Army in We fought together for freedom : Chapters from the Indian National Movement 208 (Ravi Dayal ed. , 1995) 16 Motivations to Join One of the most interesting aspects of the INA episode of the Indian National Movement remains to be the motivations of the recruits and the POWs of the British Indian Army in joining the INA. The nationalists have been trying to root such massive enrolments purely on patriotic grounds. And English writers on the other hand have completely discredited this claim of the Indian nationalists and have attributed all enthusiasm only on economic and practical reasons.There were several reasons for volunteering on such a massive scale: 1. K. K. Ghosh, who was one of the Commanders of the Indian National Army in an interview i n 1964 stated that â€Å"The strongest desire (of the civilian leadership) was to improve the standing of the Indian Community vis-a-vis the Japanese as a measure to ensure the community? s safety and safeguard its interests†41 In light of the Japanese atrocities on the Chinese, when Indians saw that the League offered protection against the Japanese, the Indians flocked to join. 2.Hugh Toye in his article on the First Indian National Army emphasises on the role of Mohan Singh in the enrolment of the POWs of the British Indian Army. According to him, no one wanted to build roads and dig latrines for the Japanese, and they joined INA because they were sure that if something went wrong, the personal pledge to Mohan Singh would provide a way out of it. 42 3. Then there were the ambitions of the Viceroy? s Commissioned Officers to whom Mohan Singh had given the full Officer status, and who wielded far more power than they had done under the British Officers.When Mohan Singh told them that the recruiting would proceed in earnest, some of them sought to improve their personal standings by giving longer lists of volunteers than others. 43 Stephen Cohen in his much more accommodative analysis of the relationship of INA and Subhash Chandra Bose categorises the motivations in three different spheres a) personal benefit b) nationalistic feelings c) and the charismatic appeal of Bose. 44 Stephen Cohen also blames the racial treatment of the fellow Indian Officers of the Indian Army as one of the factors resulting in the shift of allegiance. But Hugh Toye rubbishes this claim by saying that 1 42 N. Raghavan, INDIA AND MALAYA: A STUDY 69-70 (1st edition 1954) Hugh Toye The First Indian National Army, 1941-42 15(2) JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES 365-381 (Sep 1984) 43 Id. 44 Stephen Cohen Subhash Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army 36(4) PACIFIC AFFAIRS 411-429 (196364) 17 even if the racial standards had been perfect to the standards of 1984, there would hav e been sufficient volunteering for the INA, without on the other hand of the cataclysmic British defeat in North Malaya, without the barbarous behaviour of the Japanese during and after the Malayan Campaign, there might have been no INA. 5 But the testimony of Major Shah Nawaz Khan during the INA trials goes against Hugh Toye where he says, â€Å"not a single Indian officer was given command of a division and only one Indian Officer was the given the command of the Brigade†, he concluded â€Å"it appeared to me that lack of talent could not have been the reason for more Indians not getting higher commands†. 46 Genuine nationalistic aspirations were also at work at different levels of reasoning of the officers. Col.Prem Kumar Saghal, one of the officers tried in the Red Fort for crimes against the King writes in his autobiography, â€Å"My father had taken an active part in the 1920-1921 non-cooperation movement and from him I inherited an intense dislike for the alien rule. Added to this my own study of history and Political Science taught me that complete freedom was the birth right of every human being and it was the sacred duty of every Indian to fight for the liberation of the motherland†47. But one factor which no one fails to recognise in the adherence of large numbers of the INA was the character of one individual, Subhash Chandra Bose.Running through all writings of INA is an appreciation of the singular role played by Subhash Chandra Bose in turning it into an actual fighting force. Had his charismatic leadership not been there with the INA, it was doubtful that a force could be deployed at all, and the INA personnel would probably have joined the many other Indian prisoners of war on forced labour projects. 45 Hugh Toye The First Indian National Army, 1941-42 15(2) JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES 365-381 (Sep 1984) 46 Major General Shah Nawaz Khan, Col. Prem K. Saghal, Col. Gurbax Singh, THE INA HEROES 80-81 (Lahore: Hero Publ ications, 1946) 47 Id. 8 INA Trials By March 1945, most of the INA officers were in British hands and with the capture of Rangoon on 3rd May 1945, INA virtually ceased to exist. During 1943 and 1944, courts martial were taking place in India of those persons who had formerly belonged to the Indian and Burman armies, but had been captured fighting in the ranks of INA, or working on its behalf. 48 A few Viceroy? s Commissioned Officers, NCO? s and senior sepoys caught in battle distributing or shouting propaganda, firing on British Indian Soldiers or betraying them to the Japanese, were tried by Court martial and imprisoned or executed. 9 These cases numbered less than 30, and the executions only 9. No other disciplinary action was taken at all. Meanwhile during July 1945, everyone was apprehensive of any kind of settlement between the INC and Muslim League and it seemed as if the independence would be delayed by another decade. And just when things seemed coagulated, the British help ed out. They put Capt. Shah Nawaz Khan, Capt. P. K. Saghal and Lt. Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon on trial in Red Fort, Delhi. The combination was perfect, a Hindu, Muslim and a Sikh, one which Bose himself could not have chosen for himself.The press immediately started making comparisons with the revolt of 1857 and apart from the general turmoil throughout the nation, it created a political consciousness which the Indian Servicemen had never possessed before. 50 Jawahar Lal Nehru who earlier saw the INA as „merely tools of Japanese? 51 now had „no doubt that the men and women who had enrolled in this army, had done so because of their passionate desire to serve the cause of India? s freedom.? 52 The news of Bose? s death further fuelled the movement.But as a political weapon, the INA was of greatest use to the Congress. It had resorted to it the ability to cause widespread civil commotion, and in circumstances where the government might hesitate to use the Indian Army. 53 Meanw hile the naval and air force mutinies at Karachi and Mumbai air ports had intensified the situation for the British. „Today? , said Mr Attlee on March 15th 1946, „the national idea has spread. †¦.. not least perhaps among some of the soldiers who have done such wonderful service in the war.? 54 Meanwhile the Military judges remitted the sentences 48 49L. C. Green The Indian National Army Trials 11(1) MODERN LAW REVIEW 46-69 (2011) Hugh Toye THE SPRINGING TIGER 247 (3rd edition 2011) 50 Id. , at 248 51 L. C. Green The Indian National Army Trials 11(1) MODERN LAW REVIEW 46-69 (2011) 52 Shah Nawaz Khan MY MEMORIES OF THE INA AND ITS NETAJI, (Foreward by J. L. Nehru) (1st Edition 1946) 53 Hugh Toye THE SPRINGING TIGER 255 (3rd edition 2011) 54 Id. , at 249 19 against the three prisoners as they had realised that they just could not enforce these sentences. 55The dynamics of power and authority had now changed.The demand for leniency for INA men from within the Army and the revolt in the section of Royal Indian Navy further conveyed to the far sighted officials, as much as the full scale mutiny would do more brashly confident, that the storm brewing this time may prove irresponsible. 56 These events opened the eyes of the British to their perilous situation in India. They realised that they were sitting at the brink of a volcano which might erupt any movement. When Clement Attlee was asked about the role of Gandhi in India? s independence, he replied, „minimal?.These considerations no doubt played a very vital role in their final decision to quit India. The members of the INA did not die or suffer in pain, and their leader, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, had secured a place of honour in the history of India? s struggle for independence. 55 56 L. C. Green The Indian National Army Trials 11(1) MODERN LAW REVIEW 46-69 (2011) Bipin Chandra, INDIA? S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE 491(3rd Edition 1989) 20 Conclusion After Bose? s tragic death and the col lapse of his struggle, Gandhi met the INA prisoners in the Red Fort in Delhi.They told him that under Bose they had not felt any distinction of caste and religion. â€Å"But here we are faced with „Hindu tea? and „Muslim tea?. † To Gandhi? s question of why they put up with it, soldiers replied, â€Å"We don? t, we mix „Hindu tea? and „Muslim tea? half and half, and then serve. The same with food†57 Though the INA failed in its immediate objective they have a lot to their credit of which they might well be proud. The greatest of these was to gather together under one banner men from all religions and races of India and to infuse in them the pirit of solidarity and oneness to the utter exclusion of all communal or „parochial sentiment?. 58 The seeds of the second front of independence struggle were sown as early in the 1930s with the divide between Gandhi and Bose regarding the means by which both aimed at achieving independence. But the Se cond World War provided the opportunity for Subhash Chandra Bose to join the Axis forces, raise an army for India? s independence and join the war. Japanese and the Indian National Army seemed to be natural allies and it was the arrival of Subhash Chandra Bose in South east Asia, that made the Indian National Army as it was.The motivations of those who joined the Indian National Army have always been a controversial issue. While it is not appropriate to cite nationalism as the only factor for volunteering at such a large scale, at the same time it is not right to succumb to the reasons given by British and American authors who attribute all of it to practical and circumstantial reasons. It was an amalgamation of both the aspects. And the influence of Netaji was the most crucial factor in turning a group of Prisoners of War into a functioning army.In the battlefield, the INA might not have been able to achieve a lot, but considering the machinery, weapons and supplies with which it w as operating, it was commendable that they were able to hold military positions under heavy British offences. Indian National Army helped develop a strong nationalist Consciousness among the Indians and especially the government employs including the three military wings. INA trials helped in escalating this consciousness into a stronger resistance to the British rule. This once again gave the Congress some new ideas and speeded up the process of India? s independence. 57 58Sugata Bose HIS MAJESTY? S OPPONENT 323 (1st edition 2011) T. N Sareen Indian National Army in WE FOUGHT TOGETHER FOR FREEDOM : CHAPTERS FROM THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT 194 (Ravi Dayal ed. , 1995) 21 Bibliography Books 1. Bipin Chandra, INDIA? S STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE (3rd Edition 1989) Sugata Bose HIS MAJESTY? S OPPONENT (1st edition 2011) 2. Hugh Toye THE SPRINGING TIGER (3rd edition 2011) 3. Major General Shah Nawaz Khan, Col. Prem K. Saghal, Col. Gurbax Singh, THE INA HEROES (Lahore: Hero Publications, 1 946) 4. Peter Ward Fay The Forgotten Army: India's Armed Struggle for Independence 19421945 (1st edn 1995) 5.R. C. Majumdar HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA (June 1988) 6. Shah Nawaz Khan MY Nehru) (1st Edition 1946) 7. Sisir K Bose A BEACON ACROSS ASIA: A BIOGRAPHY (2nd edition 1996) 8. Tara Chand HISTORY OF FREEDOM MOVEMENT IN INDIA VOL. 4 (4th edition 1992) 9. T. N Sareen Indian National Army in WE FOUGHT TOGETHER FOR FREEDOM OF MEMORIES OF THE INA AND ITS NETAJI, (Foreward by J. L. SUBHASH CHANDRA BOSE : CHAPTERS FROM THE INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (Ravi Dayal ed. , 1995) Articles 1. Aurobindo Ghosh, The Morality of Boycott, THE DOCTRINE OF PASSIVE RESISTANCE (1st edition 1948) 2.Biswamoy Pati Nationalist Politics and the ‘Making' of Bal Gangadhar Tilak 35(9/10) SOCIAL SCIENTIST (September 2007) 3. Hugh Toye The First Indian National Army, 1941-42 15(2) JOURNAL OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES (Sep 1984) 4. L. C. Green The Indian National Army Trials 11(1) MODERN LAW REVIEW (2 011) 5. Robert N. Kearney Identity, Life Mission, and the Political Career: Notes on the Early Life of Subhash Chandra Bose 4(4) (Dec 1983) 6. Rudolf C. Heredia Interpreting Gandhi’s Hind Swaraj, 34(24) ECONOMIC POLITICAL WEEKLY (June 12, 1999) 7. Stephen Cohen Subhash Chandra Bose and the Indian National Army 36(4) PACIFIC AFFAIRS (1963-64) AND